Arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is the causes of the appearance of what diseases, diagnosis and treatment methods arise.

According to world statistics, cardiovascular system diseases are first among all causes of mortality.

Arterial hypertension is one of the most common diseases of the circulatory system, which also acts as a factor in the development of other heart disease and blood vessels, such as coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, hemorrhagic and ischemic cerebrovascular accident.

Arterial hypertension is a persistent increase in systolic (upper) blood pressure above 140 mm Hg.Art.and/or diastolic (lower) above 90 mm Hg.Art.According to the recommendations of the European Society for Arterial Hypertension and the European Cardiologists Society, the arterial hypertension criteria of 135/85 mm Hg is adopted for the measurement of the household house.Art.And up.

The main symptoms that accompany an increase in blood pressure include headache, nausea, ears in the ears, palpitations, decreased visual acuity, irritability, sweating.

Sometimes, an increase in blood pressure can be asymptomatic.In this case, control of blood pressure is required.

Varieties of arterial hypertension

Before talking about the increase in blood pressure (blood pressure), it should be understood how the pressure should be normal.For each person, blood pressure values are individual.However, there is a generally accepted classification of blood pressure.

• Optimal, where systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mm Hg.Art., And diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 mm Hg.Art. 
• Normal, where upper blood pressure values are 120 to 129 and lower values from 80 to 84 mm Hg.Art.
• Normal high, where the upper blood pressure values are 130 to 139 mm Hg in the interval.Art.and the lowest in the interval of 85 to 89 mm Hg.Art.

Arterial hypertension is divided according to the degrees, depending on the maximum values obtained by measuring the pressure.

First grade bloodstolic pressure 140-159 mm Hg.Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 90-99 mm Hg.Art.

Second grade systolic blood pressure 160-179 mm Hg.Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 100-109 mm Hg.Art.

180 and more mm Hg blood pressure-systolic pressure.Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 110 and more mm Hg.Art.

Isolated arterial hypertension isolated separately, when only systolic blood pressure increases more than 140 mm Hg.St, and the diastolic remains within normal values.

Causes of greater blood pressure

It is believed that most high pressure patients suffer Primary Arterial hypertension, whose development cannot be associated with specific causes.This is the essential arterial hypertension called the SO, which occurs more frequently in patients related to age.

In other cases, when a certain cause of pressure is revealed, they mean secondary Arterial hypertension.

Among the main causes that lead to secondary arterial hypertension, they distinguish:

1. Kidneys and blood vessels.These pathologies lead to a decrease in the intensity of blood flow in the kidneys and, as a result, to the release of substances outbreaks that contribute to the increase in blood pressure and compensation for the deteriorated renal blood flow.Chronic renal disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, urolitiasis: These diseases can lead to the development of arterial hypertension.Among the diseases of the blood vessels, the narrowing (stenosis) of the renal arteries is more frequently observed, which can be congenital pathology or occur with atherosclerosis in adulthood. 

2. Different Endocrine diseases lead to the development of arterial hypertension and other related symptoms.For example, with thyrotoxicosis,The production of thyroid hormones is improved, which is accompanied by the appearance of a goiter (an increase in the gland itself), an increase in systolic blood pressure, a heartbeat, greater excitability and a decrease in body weight.With hypothyroidism, thyroid hormones are reduced.Pathologies are accompanied by endothelial dysfunction and deteriorated relaxation of the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, which leads to an increase in peripheral resistance of blood vessels.This helps increase blood pressure.Such patients are characterized by an increase in diastolic blood pressure, a slowdown in the pulse, weakness and rapid fatigue.With the pheochromocytoma (adrenal glands), the release of catecholamines (adrenaline, norepinephrine) increases in the blood, which leads to acute jumps in blood pressure at very high values.Arterial hypertension is a frequent satellite of obesity.Fat tissue cells (adipocytes) produce biologically active substances that affect the entire organism as a whole and, in particular, in the vessels.In addition, do not forget that the "extra" fabric should also be a blood supply, and this leads to an additional load in the cardiovascular system. 
3. Different heart disease and blood vessels They can lead to high blood pressure.For example, Aorta coarstation is a local narrowing of aortic light, more often congenital pathology;Atherosclerotic narrowing of the vessels. 
4. Pregnancy (preeclampsia). 
5. Arterial hypertension when taking something medications: Oral contraceptives, anabolic steroids, glucocortic, antidepressants.

It should be remembered about the factors that contribute to the development of arterial hypertension: hereditary predisposition, excess prolonged nerve rays, frequent stressful situations, excessive physical activity, smoking, alcohol and coffee abuse, the consumption of a large amount of salt and fatty foods.

What diseases occurs arterial hypertension?

Arterial hypertension is divided according to the degrees, depending on the maximum values obtained by measuring the pressure.

We will indicate some of them.

• Atherosclerosis, including renal arteries. 
• The injury of renal vessels (thrombosis, embolia, stenosis, compression of renal vessels with a tumor or organ). 
• Chronic pyelonephritis. 
• Chronic glomerulonephritis. 
• Chronic kidney disease. 
• Thyroid diseases (hyper-hyperthyroidism). 
• Illness and Izenko-Cushing syndrome. 
• Pheochromocytoma. 
• Primary hyperaldosteronism.
• Metabolic syndrome 
• Coarstation of the aorta. 
• Preeclampsia.

What doctors contact by increasing blood pressure?

To identify the causes of the increase in pressure, you must initially contact the therapist.The doctor will take an exam and prescribe the necessary amount of exams and specialist consultations.Among them may be:

• Cardiologist; 
• endocrinologist; 
• neurologist; 
• surgeon; 
• ophthalmologist.

Diagnosis and examination with increased blood pressure

First, the self -control of blood pressure at home is necessary to maintain a diary, where all measurements of pressure on time, taking drugs and stress episodes should be fixed, which could cause an increase in blood pressure.

The following laboratory studies are prescribed to all patients in the first stage of the exam:

• Clinical blood analysis;
• General urine analysis;
• Biochemical blood analysis (cholesterol control; lipoproteins are very low; and high density to assess the risk of atherosclerosis, blood electrolytes - potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium; creatinine levels; blood glucose levels);
• Blood analysis for gluced hemoglobin level; 
• A blood analysis for hormone content (TH4 - T4; triiodotyronin - T3; Tyrootropic hormone - TSH; thyroid -butxidase antibodies; antibodies against thyroidoglobulin).

If necessary, the doctor can prescribe a complex of laboratory and instrumental exam methods:

• Daily monitoring of blood pressure; 
• Electrocardiographic study; 
• echocardiography; 
• Holter daily monitoring; 
• Brachiocephealous duplex scan, 
• renal/iliac arteries and lamps; 
• Ultrasound study of the kidneys and adrenal glands; 
• Study of the bottom of the eye.

Treatment of arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is a disease, whose development depends on many factors and, therefore, the first recommendation in high pressure correction is a change in lifestyle.

First, they make changes in the diet: they limit the consumption of canned and finished products, sauces and mayonnaise, and gradually reduce the amount of salt added to food.

The menu must include more fresh vegetables, fruits and dairy products.Alcohol and smoking must also be limited.

In the presence of excess body weight and the absence of contraindications, a diet is used.The regular moderate physical effort of at least half an hour per day contributes to the normalization of the vascular tone.

We must not expect a rapid effect of diet and physical education.However, at the beginning of the disease, it is these actions that can play a positive role.

Depending on the stage and the degree of the disease, pharmacological therapy is prescribed.In clinical practice, several drug groups are used to treat arterial hypertension:

• diuretics (diuretics); 
• beta blockers; 
• Calcium channel antagonists; 
• Enzyme angiotenzinoprodeecadora (IAC) enzyme inhibitors; 
• Anatagonists of the Angiotensin II receptor; 
• Central drugs.

Depending on the cause of development and course of the disease, as well as related diseases, the doctor prescribes an individual treatment regime.The therapy selected by the treating doctor, the constant use of medicines and a change in lifestyle will help normalize blood pressure.

What to do with high pressure?

The pressure should not be reduced rapidly: in the first two hours, when it helps, blood pressure should decrease by no more than 20% of the initial high level.

When blood pressure increased moderately, but the general stable of the well (there are no other symptoms), should try to reconcile the dream or lie with your eyes closed.If after the break, the pressure remains high, it is necessary to take medications recommended by the treating doctor.

If an increase in blood pressure is accompanied by severe headache, dizziness, lack of breath, visual disability, pain, nausea or vomiting, it is necessary to cause an ambulance.